Sacred Books of the Buddhists
Volume IV

Dīgha Nikāya

Dialogues of the Buddha
Part III

Sutta 27

Aggañña Suttantaɱ^[1]

A Book of Genesis

Translated from the Pali by T.W. Rhys Davids and
C.A.F. Rhys Davids

Public Domain

Originally published under the patronage of
His Majesty King Chulālankarana,
King of Siam
by The Pali Text Society, Oxford

---

[77]

[1][edmn] THUS HAVE I HEARD:

1. The Exalted One was once staying near Sāvatthī,
in the East Park,
at the mansion of the Mother of Migāra.^[2]

Now at that time Vāseṭṭha and Bhāradvāja
were passing their probation
among the brethren,
desiring to become bhikkhus.^[3]

Then at eventide the Exalted One,
having arisen from his meditations,
had come down from the house,
and was walking to and fro in the open air,
in the shade of the house.

2. Now Vāseṭṭha saw this,
and on seeing it
he told Bhāradvāja, adding:

“Let us go, friend Bhāradvāja,
let us approach the Exalted One,
for perchance we might have the good fortune
to hear from the Exalted One
a talk on matters of doctrine.”

“Even so, friend”,
Bhāradvāja made reply.

So Vāseṭṭha and Bhāradvāja
went and approached the Exalted One,
and having saluted him,
they walked after him
as he walked to and fro.

3. Then the Exalted One said to Vāseṭṭha:

[81] “You, Vāseṭṭha,
being brahmins by birth and family,
have gone forth from a brahmin family,
your home,
[78] into the homeless life.

Do not the brahmins blame and revile you?”

“Yea, verily, lord,
the brahmins do blame and revile us
with characteristic abuse,
copious,
not at all stinted.”

“But in what words, Vāseṭṭha,
do they so blame you?”

“The brahmins, lord, say thus:

‘The brahmin class^[4] is the best.'”

“But in what terms, Vāseṭṭha,
do the brahmins blame and censure you
to this extent?”

“The brahmins, lord, say thus:

‘Only a brahmin is of the best social grade;
other grades are low.

Only a brahmin is of a clear complexion;
other complexions are swarthy.

Only brahmins are of pure breed;
not they that are not of the brahmins.

Only brahmins are genuine children of Brahmā,
born of his mouth,
offspring of Brahmā,
created by Brahmā,
heirs of Brahmā.

As for you,
you have renounced the best rank,
and have gone over to that low class —
to shaven recluses,
to the vulgar rich,
to them of swarthy skins,
to the foot-born descendants.

Such a course is not good,
such a course is not proper,
even this,
that you,
having forsaken that upper class,
should associate with an inferior class,
to wit,
with shaveling friar-folk,
menials,
swarthy of skin,
the offscouring of Our kinsman’s heels.’

In these terms, lord,
do the brahmins blame and revile us
with characteristic abuse,
copious,
not at all stinted.”

4. “Surely, Vāseṭṭha, the brahmins have quite forgotten the past
(the ancient lore)
when they say so?

On the contrary, brahminees,
the wives of brahmins,
are known to be fertile,
are seen to be with child,
[82] bringing forth
and nursing children.

And yet it is these very womb-born brahmins
who say that only brahmins are genuine children of Brahmā,
born of his mouth,
offspring of Brahmā,
created by Brahmā,
heirs of Brahmā.

By this they make a travesty^[5]
of the nature of Brahmā.

[79] It is false what they say,
and great is the demerit
that they thereby earn.

5. There are these four classes, Vāseṭṭha:
nobles, brahmins, tradesfolk, workpeople.^[6]

Now here and there
a noble deprives a living being of life,
is a thief,
is unchaste,
speaks lies,
slanders,
uses rough words,
is a gossip,
or greedy,
or malevolent,
or holds wrong views.

Thus we see that qualities
which are immoral and considered to be so,
which are blameworthy and considered to be so,
which ought not to be sought after
and are so considered,
which are unworthy of an Ariyan
and are so considered,
qualities sinister
and of sinister effect,
discountenanced by the wise,
are to be found here and there
in such a noble.

And we may say as much concerning brahmins, tradesfolk and workpeople.

6. Again, here and there
a noble abstains from murder,
theft,
inchastity,
lying,
slandering,
gossiping,
greed,
malevolence
and false opinions.

Thus we see that qualities
which are,
and are considered,
moral,
inoffensive,
unexceptional,
truly Ariyan,
benign
and of benign effect,
commended by the wise,
are to be found here and there
in a noble.

And we may say as much
concerning each of the others —
brahmins, tradesfolk [83] and workpeople.

7. Now seeing, Vāseṭṭha,
that both bad and good qualities,
blamed and praised respectively by the wise,
are thus distributed
among each of the four classes,
the wise do not admit those claims
which the brahmins put forward.

And why?

Because, Vāseṭṭha,
whoever among all these four classes
becomes a bhikkhu,
an Arahant,
one who has destroyed the deadly taints,
who has lived the life,
has done that which was to be done,
has laid down the burden,
has attained his own salvation,^[7]
has destroyed the fetter of rebirth,^[8]
and has [80] become free
because he has perfected knowledge^[9] —
he is declared chief among them,
and that in virtue of a norm (a standard),
and not irrespective of a norm.

For a norm, Vāseṭṭha, is

the best among this folk^[10]
both in this life and in the next.^[11]

8. The following, Vāseṭṭha,
is an illustration for understanding
how a norm is the best among this folk
both in this life
and in the next.

King Pasenadi of Kosala is aware
that the Samaṇa Gotama has gone forth
from the adjacent^[12] clan of the Sākiyas.

Now the Sākiyas are become
the vassals of King Pasenadi.

They render to him
homage and respectful salutation,
they rise and do him obeisance,
and treat him with ceremony.

Now, just as the Sakiyans treat King Pasenadi of Kosala,
[84] so does the king treat the Tathāgata.

For he thinks:

‘Is not the Samaṇa Gotama well born?

Then I am not well born.

The Samaṇa Gotama is strong,
I am weak.

He is attractive,
I am not comely.

The Samaṇa Gotama has great influence,
I have but little influence.’

Now it is because the king honours a norm,
reveres a norm,
regards a norm,
does homage [81] to a norm,
holds sacred a norm,
that he renders homage
and respectful salutation to the Tathāgata,
rising and doing him obeisance,
and treating him with ceremony.^[13]

By this illustration
may it be understood how a norm is:

the best among this folk
both in this life and in the next.

9. You, Vāseṭṭha, who,
differing all of you in birth,
in name,
in clan
and family,
have gone forth from home
into the homeless life,
may be asked:

‘Who are ye?’

Then do ye reply:

‘We be Samaṇas
who follow him of the sons of the Sākiyans.

He, Vāseṭṭha,
whose faith in the Tathāgata is settled,
rooted,
established
and firm,
a faith not to be dragged down
by recluse or brahmin,
by deva
or Mara
or Brahmā
or anyone in the world,
well may he say:

‘I am a veritable son of the Exalted One,
born from his mouth,
born of the Norm,
created by the Norm,
heir of the Norm.’

And why?

Because, Vāseṭṭha,
these are names tantamount to Tathāgata:
‘Belonging to^[14] the Norm,’
and again,
‘belonging to the highest’,^[15]
and again,
‘one with the Norm’,^[16]
and again,
‘one with the Highest’.

10. There comes a time,^[17] Vāseṭṭha,
when,
sooner or later,
after the lapse of a long, long period,
this world [82] passes away.

And when this happens,
beings have mostly been reborn
in the World of Radiance;
and there they dwell,
made of mind,
feeding on rapture,
self-luminous,
traversing the air,
continuing in glory;
and thus they remain
for a long, long period of time.

There comes also a time, Vāseṭṭha,
when sooner or later
this world begins to re-evolve.

When this happens,
beings who had deceased from the World of Radiance,
usually [85] come to life as humans.^[18]

And they become made of mind,
feeding on rapture,
self-luminous,
traversing the air,
continuing in glory,
and remain thus
for a long, long period of time.

11. Now at that time,
all had become one world of water,
dark,
and of darkness that maketh blind.

No moon nor sun appeared,
no stars were seen,
nor constellations,
neither was night manifest nor day,
neither months nor half-months,
neither years nor seasons,
neither female nor male.

Beings were reckoned just as beings only.

And to those beings, Vāseṭṭha,
sooner or later
after a long time,
earth with its savour was spread out in the waters.

Even as a scum forms on the surface
of boiled milky rice that is cooling,
so did the earth appear.

It became endowed with colour,
with odour,
and with taste.

Even as well-made ghee
or pure butter,
so was its colour;
even as the flawless honey of the bee,
so sweet was it.

12. Then, Vāseṭṭha,
some being of greedy disposition,^[19] said:

‘Lo now! what will this be?’

and tasted the savoury earth with his finger.

He thus, tasting,
became suffused with the savour,
and craving entered into him.

And other beings,
following his example,
tasted the savoury earth with their finger.

They thus, tasting,
became suffused with the savour,
a craving entered into them.

Then those beings began to feast
on the savoury earth,
breaking off lumps of it
with their hands.

And [83] from [86] the doing thereof
the self-luminance of those beings
faded away.

As their self-luminance faded away,
the moon and the sun became manifest.|| ||

Thereupon star-shapes
and constellations became manifest.

Thereupon night and day became manifest,
months too and half-months,
the seasons and the years.

Thus far then, Vāseṭṭha,
did the world evolve again.

13. Now those beings, Vāseṭṭha,
feasting on the savoury earth,
feeding on it,
nourished by it,
continued thus for a long long while.

And in measure as they thus fed,
did their bodies become solid,
and did variety in their comeliness become manifest.

Some beings were well favoured,
some were ill favoured.

And herein
they that were well favoured
despised them that were ill favoured,
thinking:

‘We are more comely than they;
they are worse favoured than we.’

And while they
through pride in their beauty
thus became vain and conceited,
the savoury earth disappeared.

At the disappearance of the savoury earth,
they gathered themselves together
and bewailed it:

‘Alas for the savour!
alas for the savour!’

Even so now
when men having gotten a good savour say;

‘Ah, the savour of it!
ah, the savour of it!’

they do but follow
an ancient primordial saying,
not recognizing the significance thereof.

14. Then, Vāseṭṭha,
when the savoury earth [87] had vanished for those beings,
outgrowths appeared in the soil.

The manner of the rising up thereof
was as the springing up of the mushroom,^[20]
it had colour,
odour and taste;
even as well-formed ghee
or fine butter
so was the colour thereof,
and even as flawless honeycomb
so was the sweetness thereof.

Then those beings began to feast
on these outgrowths of the soil.

And they,
feasting on them,
finding food and nourishment in them,
continued for a long long while.

And [84] in measure as they thus fed
and were thus nourished,
so did their bodies grow ever more solid,
and the difference in their comeliness
more manifest,
some becoming well favoured,
some ill favoured.

Then they that were well favoured
despised them that were ill favoured,
thinking:

‘We are more comely than they;
they are worse favoured than we.’

And while they,
through pride in their beauty,
thus became vain and conceited,
these outgrowths of the soil disappeared.

Thereupon creeping plants^[21] appeared,
and the manner of the growth thereof
was as that of the bamboo,
and they had colour, odour and taste.

Even as well-made ghee
or fine butter
so was the colour thereof;
even as flawless honeycomb
so was the sweetness thereof.

15. Then, Vāseṭṭha,
those beings began to feast on the creepers.

And they, feasting on them,
feeding on them,
nourished by them,
continued so for a long long while.

And in measure as they thus fed
and were nourished
did their bodies wax more solid,
and the difference in their comeliness
more manifest,
[88]
some becoming well favoured,
some ill favoured.

Then they that were well favoured
despised them that were ill favoured,
thinking:

‘We are more comely than they;
they are worse favoured than we.’

And while those,
through pride in their beauty,
became vain and conceited,
the creepers disappeared.

At the disappearance thereof
they gathered themselves together
and bewailed, saying:

‘Verily it was ours, the creeper!

Now it has vanished away!

Alas and O me! we have lost!’

Even so now when men,
being asked what is the matter, say:

‘Alas and O me! what we had
that have we lost!’

they do but follow
an ancient primordial saying,
not recognizing the significance thereof.

16. Then, Vāseṭṭha,
when the creepers had vanished for those beings,
rice appeared
ripening in open spaces.^[22]

No powder had it
and no husk.

[Pure,] fragrant and clean grained.^[23]

[85] Where of an evening
they gathered and carried away for supper,
there next morning the rice stood ripe
and grown again.

Where in the morning
they gathered and carried away for breakfast,
there in the evening it stood ripe
and grown again.

No break was to be seen
[where the husks had been broken off].

Then those beings
feasting on this rice in the clearings,
feeding on it,
nourished by it,
so continued for a long long while.

And in measure as they,
thus feeding,
went on existing,
so did the bodies of those beings
become even more solid,
and the divergence in their comeliness
more pronounced.

In the female
appeared the distinctive features
of the female,^[24]
in the male
those of the male.

Then truly did woman contemplate man too closely,
and man, woman.

In them contemplating over much
the one the other,
passion arose
and burning entered their body.

They in consequence thereof
followed their lusts.

And beings seeing them so doing
threw, some, sand,
some, ashes, [89] some, cowdung,
crying:

‘Perish, foul one! perish, foul one!

How can a being
treat a being so?’

… or rice …

 — p.p.

Even so now when men,
in certain districts,
when a bride is led away,
throw either sand,
or ashes,
or cowdung,
they do but follow
an ancient enduring primordial form,
not recognizing the significance thereof.

17. That which was reckoned immoral
at that time, Vāseṭṭha,
is now reckoned to be moral.

Those beings
who at that time followed their lusts,
were not allowed to enter village or town
either for a whole month
or even for two months.

And inasmuch as those beings
at that time quickly incurred blame for immorality,
they set to work to make huts,
to conceal just that immorality.

[86] Then Vāseṭṭha,
this occurred to some being
of a lazy disposition:

‘Lo now! why do I wear myself out
fetching rice for supper in the evening,
and in the morning for breakfast?

What if I were to fetch enough rice
for supper and breakfast together?’

So he gathered at one journey
enough rice for the two meals together.

Then some being came to him and said:

‘Come, good being,
let us go rice-gathering.’

‘That’s not wanted, good being,
I have fetched rice
for the evening and morning meal.’

Then the former followed his example
and fetched rice for two days at once,
saying:

‘So much, they say,
will about do.’

Then some other being
came [90] to this one and said:

‘Come, good being, let us go rice-gathering.’

And he:

‘Never mind, good being,
I have fetched rice enough for two days.’

Then the former followed his example
and fetched rice for four days at once,
saying:

‘So much, they say,
will about do.’

Then some being came to him and said:

‘Come, good being,
let us go rice-gathering.’

‘That’s not wanted, good being,
I have fetched rice enough
for four days.’

Then the former followed his example
and fetched rice for eight days at once,
saying:

‘So much, they say,
will about do.’

Now from the time, Vāseṭṭha,
that those beings began to feed on hoarded rice,
powder enveloped the clean grain,
and husk enveloped the grain,
and the reaped or cut stems
did not grow again;
a break became manifest
[where the reaper had cut];
the rice stubble stood in clumps.

18. Then those beings, Vāseṭṭha,
gathered themselves
and bewailed this, saying:

‘Evil customs, sirs,
have appeared among men.

For in the past,
we were made of mind,
we fed on rapture,
self-luminous,
we traversed the air in abiding loveliness;
long long the period we so remained.

For us sooner or later,
after a long long while
the savoury earth had arisen over the waters.

Colour it had,
and odour and taste.

We set to work
to make the earth into lumps,
and feast on it.

As we did so
our self-luminance vanished away.

When it was gone,
moon and sun became manifest,
[91] star-shapes and constellations,
night and day,
the months and half-months,
the seasons and the years.

We enjoying the savoury earth,
feeding on it,
nourished by it,
continued so for a long long while.

But since evil and immoral customs
became rife among us,
[87] the savoury earth disappeared.

When it had ceased
outgrowths of the soil became manifest,
clothed with colour,
odour and taste.

Them we began to enjoy;
and fed and nourished thereby,
we continued so for a long long while.

But when evil and immoral customs
arose among us,
these outgrowths disappeared.

When they had vanished,
creepers appeared
clothed with colour,
odour and taste.

Them we turned to enjoy;
and fed and nourished thereby
we continued so for a long long while.

But since evil and immoral customs
became prevalent among us,
the creepers also disappeared.

When they had ceased
rice appeared,
ripening in open spaces,
without powder,
without husk,
pure, fragrant and clean grained.

Where we plucked and took away
for the evening meal every evening,
there next morning it had grown ripe again.

Where we plucked and took away
for the morning meal,
there in the evening it had grown ripe again.

There was no break visible.

Enjoying this rice,
feeding on it,
nourished by it,
we have so continued a long long while.

But from evil and immoral customs
becoming manifest among us,
powder has enveloped the clean grain,
husk too has enveloped the clean grain,
and where we have reaped is no re-growth;
a break has come,
and the rice-stubble stands in [92] clumps.

Come now, let us divide off the rice fields
and set boundaries thereto!’

And so they divided off the rice
and set up boundaries round it.

19. Now some being, Vāseṭṭha,
of greedy disposition,
watching over his own plot,
stole another plot
and made use of it.

They took him
and holding him fast, said:

‘Truly, good being,
thou hast wrought evil
in that, while watching thine own plot,
thou hast stolen another plot
and made use of it.

See, good being,
that thou do not such a thing again!’

‘Ay, sirs, he replied.’

And a second time he did so.

And yet a third.

And again they took him
and admonished him.

Some smote him with the hand,
some with clods,
some with sticks.

With such a beginning, Vāseṭṭha,
did stealing appear,
and censure
and lying
and punishment became known.

[88] 20. Now those beings, Vāseṭṭha,
gathered themselves together,
and bewailed these things, saying:

‘From our evil deeds, sirs,
becoming manifest,
inasmuch as stealing,
censure,
lying,
punishment have become known,
what if we were to select a certain being,
who should be wrathful
when indignation is right,
who should censure
that which should rightly be censured
and should banish
him who deserves to be banished?

But we will give him in return
a proportion of the rice.’

[93] Then, Vāseṭṭha,
those beings went to the being among them
who was the handsomest,
the best favoured,
the most attractive,
the most capable
and said to him:

‘Come now, good being,
be indignant
at that whereat one should rightly be indignant,
censure
that which should rightly be censured,
banish
him who deserves to be banished.

And we will contribute to thee
a proportion of our rice.’

And he consented,
and did so,
and they gave him a proportion of their rice.

21. ‘Chosen by the whole people’, Vāseṭṭha,
is what is meant by Mahā Sammata;^[25]
so ‘Mahā Sammata’ (the Great Elect)
was the first standing phrase to arise
[for such an one].^[26]

‘Lord of the Fields’
is what is meant by Khattiya;
so ‘Khattiya’ (Noble)
was the next expression to arise.

‘He charms the others by the Norm’ —
by what ought (to charm) —
is what is meant by Raja;
so this was the third standing phrase to arise.

Thus then, Vāseṭṭha,
was the origin of this social circle of the Nobles,
according to the ancient primordial phrases
[by which they were known].

Their origin
was from among those very beings,
and no others;
like unto themselves,
not unlike;
and it took [89] place according to the Norm
[according to what ought to be, justly,
not unfittingly.^[27]

For, Vāseṭṭha:

The norm’s the best among this folk
both in this life and in the next.^[28]

22. Now it occurred, Vāseṭṭha,
to some of those beings,
as follows:

‘Evil deeds, sirs,
have become manifest among us,
inasmuch as stealing,
censure,
lying,
punishment can be noticed,
and banishment.

Let us now put away from us
evil and immoral customs.’

And they put away from them such customs.

‘They put away
(bāhenti) evil, immoral customs,’ Vāseṭṭha,
is what is meant by Brahmins,
and thus was it
that Brahmins became the earliest standing phrase
[for those who did so].

They, making leaf huts in woodland spots,
meditated therein.

Extinct for them
the burning coal,
vanished the smoke,
fallen
lies pestle and mortar;
gathering of an evening
for the evening meal,
of a morning
for the morning meal,
they go down into village
and town
and royal city,
seeking food.

When they have gotten food,
back again in their leaf huts
they meditate.

When men saw this, they said:

[90] ‘These good beings,
having made unto themselves
leaf-huts in the forest region,
meditate therein.

For them burning coal is extinct,
smoke is known no more,
pestle and mortar
have fallen from their hands;
they gather of an evening
for the evening meal,
of a morning
for the morning meal,
and go down into village
and town
and royal city
seeking food.

When they have gotten food,
back again in their leaf-huts
they meditate.

‘They meditate’ (jhāyanti), Vāseṭṭha,
is what is meant by
‘the brooding one’ (jhāyakā).

Thus was it that this
was the second phrase that arose.

23. Now certain of those beings, Vāseṭṭha,
being incapable of enduring
this meditation in forest leaf-huts,
went down and settled
on the outskirts of villages and towns,
making books.^[29]

When men saw this, they said:

‘These good beings,
being incapable of enduring meditation in forest leaf-huts,
have gone down
and settled on the outskirts of villages and towns,
and there they make books.

But they cannot meditate.’

Now, ‘These meditate not’, Vāseṭṭha,
is what is meant by ‘Ajjhāyak’a
(repeaters, viz., of the Vedas).

Thus this third phrase for such people
came into use.

At that time
they were looked upon as the lowest;
now they are thought the best.

Such then, Vāseṭṭha,
according to the ancient,
yea, primordial,
expressions by which they were known,
was the origin of this social circle of the Brahmins.^[30]

[95] Their origin
was from just those beings
[above referred to];
beings like unto themselves,
not unlike;
[and it took place]
according to the Norm
[according to what ought to be, justly
not unfittingly.

For, Vāseṭṭha:

The Norm’s the best among this folk
both in this life and in the next.

[91] 24. Now, Vāseṭṭha,
there were some others of those beings who,
adopting the married state,
set on foot various trades.

That they, adopting the married state,
set on foot various [vissa] trades
is, Vāseṭṭha, the meaning of ‘vessā’
(tradesfolk).

So this word came into use
as a standing expression for such people.

The origin, Vāseṭṭha,
of the social group called the Vessas
was in accordance with this ancient,
yea, primordial designation.

It was from just those beings
[above described]
beings like unto themselves,
not unlike.

And it took place
in accordance with the Norm
according to what ought to be, justly
not unfittingly.

For, Vāseṭṭha:

The norm’s the best among this folk
both in this life and in the next.

25. Now, Vāseṭṭha,
those of these beings that remained over
took to hunting.

But ‘those that live on hunting,
and suchlike trifling pursuits’,
is what is meant by ‘Sudda’
(the lowest grade of folk).^[31]

Thus then, according to the ancient,
yea, primordial expression,
is the origin of this social group called Suddas.

Their origin was from just those beings
(above described),
beings like unto themselves,
not unlike;
[and it took place]
according to the Norm,
[according to what ought to be]
not unfittingly,
namely, from those who were not different from other beings,
but like them,
not unlike them,
by a norm
and not through lack of a norm.

For, Vāseṭṭha:

The norm’s the best among this folk
both in this life and in the next.

[92] 26. Now there came a time, Vāseṭṭha,
when some Khattiya,
misprizing his own norm,
went forth from home into the homeless life,
saying:

‘I will become a recluse.’

Some Brahmin
misprizing his own norm,
went forth from home into the homeless life,
saying:

‘I will become a recluse.’

Some Vessa
[96]
misprizing his own norm,
went forth from home into the homeless life,
saying:

‘I will become a recluse.’

Some Sudda,
misprizing his own norm,
went forth from home into the homeless life,
saying:

‘I will become a recluse.’

Out of these four groups or circles, Vāseṭṭha,
the company of the recluses came into being.

Their origin was from just these beings like unto themselves,
not different.

And it took place according to a norm
[a fitness, justly],
not unfittingly.

For, Vāseṭṭha,

The norm’s the best among this folk
both in this life and in the next.

27. Now a khattiya, Vāseṭṭha,
who has led a bad life,
in deed, word and thought,
whose views of life are wrong,
will, in consequence of his views and deeds,
when the body breaks up,
be reborn after death
in the Waste,
the Woeful Way,
the Downfall,
Purgatory.^[32]

And a Brahmin, Vāseṭṭha,
who has led a bad life,
in deed, word and thought,
whose views of life are wrong,
will, in consequence of his views and deeds,
when the body breaks up,
be reborn after death
in the Waste,
the Woeful Way,
the Downfall,
Purgatory.

And a Vessa, Vāseṭṭha,
who has led a bad life,
in deed, word and thought,
whose views of life are wrong,
will, in consequence of his views and deeds,
when the body breaks up,
be reborn after death
in the Waste,
the Woeful Way,
the Downfall,
Purgatory.

And a Sudda, Vāseṭṭha,
who has led a bad life,
in deed, word and thought,
whose views of life are wrong,
will, in consequence of his views and deeds,
when the body breaks up,
be reborn after death
in the Waste,
the Woeful Way,
the Downfall,
Purgatory.

28. Again, Vāseṭṭha, a Khattiya, who has led a good life,
in deed, word and thought,
whose views of life
are as they should be,
will, in consequence of his views and deeds,
when the body breaks up,
be reborn after death
in a happy,
bright world.

And a Brahmin, who has led a good life,
in deed, word and thought,
whose views of life
are as they should be,
will, in consequence of his views and deeds,
when the body breaks up,
be reborn after death
in a happy,
bright world.

And a Vessa, who has led a good life,
in deed, word and thought,
whose views of life
are as they should be,
will, in consequence of his views and deeds,
when the body breaks up,
be reborn after death
in a happy,
bright world.

And a Sudda, who has led a good life,
in deed, word and thought,
whose views of life
are as they should be,
will, in consequence of his views and deeds,
when the body breaks up,
be reborn after death
in a happy,
bright world.

29. Again, Vāseṭṭha, a Khattiya,
who has lived a life both good and bad,^[33]
in deed, word and thought,
[93] whose views of life are mixed,
will, in consequence of his mixed views and deeds,
when the body breaks up,
be reborn after death
suffering both happiness and unhappiness.

A Brahmin, too [97],
who has lived a life both good and bad,
in deed, word and thought,
whose views of life are mixed,
will, in consequence of his mixed views and deeds,
when the body breaks up,
be reborn after death
suffering both happiness and unhappiness.

A Vessa, too,
who has lived a life both good and bad,
in deed, word and thought,
whose views of life are mixed,
will, in consequence of his mixed views and deeds,
when the body breaks up,
be reborn after death
suffering both happiness and unhappiness.

A Sudda, too,
who has lived a life both good and bad,
in deed, word and thought,
whose views of life are mixed,
will, in consequence of his mixed views and deeds,
when the body breaks up,
be reborn after death
suffering both happiness and unhappiness.

30. Again, Vāseṭṭha, a Khattiya,
who is self-restrained
in deed, word and thought,
and has followed after the practice
of the seven principles
which are the Wings of Wisdom,
attains to complete extinction
[of evil]
in this present life.

A Brahmin, too,
who is self-restrained
in deed, word and thought,
and has followed after the practice
of the seven principles
which are the Wings of Wisdom,
attains to complete extinction
[of evil]
in this present life.

A Vessa, too,
who is self-restrained
in deed, word and thought,
and has followed after the practice
of the seven principles
which are the Wings of Wisdom,
attains to complete extinction
[of evil]
in this present life.

A Sudda, too,
who is self-restrained
in deed, word and thought,
and has followed after the practice
of the seven principles
which are the Wings of Wisdom,^[34]
attains to complete extinction
[of evil]^[35]
in this present life.

31. For, Vāseṭṭha,
whosoever of these Four classes becomes,
as a bhikkhu, an arahant,
who has destroyed the intoxicants,
who has done that which it behoved him to do,
who has laid down the burden,
who has won his own salvation,
who has wholly destroyed the fetter of re-becoming,
who through knowledge made perfect is free, —
he is declared chief among them,
in virtue of a norm,
not in the absence of a norm.

For, Vāseṭṭha:

The norm’s the best among this folk
both in this life and in the next.

32. Now this verse, Vāseṭṭha,
was spoken by Brahmā,
the Eternal Youth:^[36]

[94] The Khattiya is the best among this folk
  Who put their trust in lineage.
But one in wisdom and in virtue clothed,
  Is best of all ‘mong spirits and men.

Now this stanza, Vāseṭṭha,
was well sung
and not ill sung
by Brahmā the Eternal Youth,
well said
and not ill said,
full of meaning
and not void thereof.

I too, Vāseṭṭha, say:

[98] The Khattiya is the best among this folk
  Who put their trust in lineage.
But one in wisdom and in virtue clothed,
  Is best of all ‘mong spirits and men.

Thus spake the Exalted One.

Pleased at heart Vāseṭṭha and Bhāradvāja rejoiced in what the Exalted One had said.

Here ends the Aggañña-Suttanta.

---

^[1] On the subject of this Suttanta see Introduction to I, 105 f.

^[2] Visākhā. Buddhaghosa gives an account of her and her mansion, built for the Order, which is much shorter, but in agreement with the full narrative contained in the Dhammapada Comy. I, 334 ff. The vast majority of houses were in the oldest Buddhist period in North India what we should now call huts. We hear only of a very few such pāsādas or mansions. Tradition describes this one as a bungalow with one upper storey. In the Mahā-sudassana (above, Vol. II) we have a description of the most glorious palace the early Buddhists could think of. It is a modest affair. The archceological evidence is discussed in Buddhist India, pp. 63-77, Figs. 3-11.

^[3] The Comy. identifies these two with the two brahmins of the Tevijja Suttanta (above, I, 301) and the Vāseṭṭha Suttas of Majjhima, Sutta 98, and Sutta-Nipāta, Sutta 35.

^[4] Vaṇṇa. Literally, colour, which never means caste. See above, I, 99 ff.

^[5] Abbhācikkhanti Brahmānaɱ. The verb often means to misrepresent another’s opinions (Majjh. I, 368; Dīgha I, 161; Ang. III, 57; Vin. IV, 135). The root cikh is to take note of, observe.

^[6] Khattiyā, brahmaṇā, vessā, suddā.

^[7] Buddhaghosa permits an alternative meaning of sadattho either as sundaro, or sako attho: excellent or own advantage.

^[8] = taṇhā (Comy.).

^[9] Sammā hetunā kāraṇena jānitvā vimutto (Comy.).

^[10] Imasmiṅ 1oke ti attho; the world’s inhabitants. The verse from which this is quoted is given in full at the end of this Dialogue, § 32.

^[11] We take dhamma here (the word rendered norm, standard) in the sense attributed to it by Mrs. Rhys Davids in her discussion of this passage in Buddhism (Home University Library) pp. 235 ff. The remarkable utterance we find in this passage is only one of many in which the Normalism (as distinct from Animism) of the Buddhist position is emphasized. There is nothing metempirical about it. It is the cosmic law which is the Norm or standard, by which alone superiority or inferiority is to be judged.

^[12] We read anantarā, not anuttaro. See note in text. The Comy. has the following: anantarā ti antara-virahitā (or vihitā), attano kulena sadisā ti attho. It agrees better with the context, which does not call for such a word as anuttaro.

^[13] See M. II, 112, 120, where the homage paid is of the humblest.

^[14] Dhammakāyo. Lit. having a Norm-body. Buddhaghosa says: why is the Tathāgato said to have a Norm-body? Because having devised the Three-Piṭaka-Buddha-word by his mind he conducts it forth by his speech. Therefore his body from having Normness (dhammatā) is considered as the Norm, and is so called. And just because of this Norm-body-ness, he has an excellent body, for Norm is called brahma in the sense of best, supreme, excellent … thus far the Exalted One having spoken in terms of values, goes on to speak in those terms by another method, beginning, There comes a time, etc.

^[15] Brahma — i.e. says the Comy. brahma in the sense of best (seṭṭhaṭṭhena).

^[16] Lit. Norm-become — i.e. says the Comy. of-the-nature-of-the-Norm (Dhamma-sabhāvo).

^[17] This paragraph occurs in Vol. I, p. 30, verbatim, as to the former half, fuller as to the latter half.

^[18] Lit. come to ‘hereness’ which the Comy. explains as humanity. The description of them is scarcely human, but their birth, says Buddhaghosa, is opapātika. See I, 201, n. 3. Cf. Ambapāli’s birth, Psalms of the Sisters, 120.

^[19] Greedy in his previous birth, remarks the Comy.

^[20] Ahicchattako. Literally snake-hood, but that this was used idiomatically for a kind of mushroom shaped like a snake’s hood appears from Jātaka II, 95 and Udāna, p. 81, note. The Sanskrit lexicons give the names of several other plants called snake-hood, and the plant here meant is not certain. We do not know whether mushrooms are found at all in North India.

^[21] Badalatā. A beautiful creeper of sweet taste, says Buddhaghosa.

^[22] Akaṭṭha-pāko. According to the Comy. springing up in land free from jungle.

^[23] R.O. Franke is probably right in supposing that we have here a fragment of an old ballad, and should therefore add ‘pure’ suddho. See below, § 18. There are quite a number of such apparent fragments of verse in the prose texts. See the notes of Vinaya Texts I, 149, and Buddhist Suttas (S.B.E.), p. 107. The apparent verse is here (as often) very poor verse.

^[24] Those who had been women in a previous birth, explains Buddhaghosa.

^[25] Mahā Sammata. Name of a famous king in the beginning of time, who was the first king of the Solar race, and the legendary ancestor of many lines of kings (among others of the kings of the Sākiya clan).

^[26] Akkhara, the enduring, came later on to mean letter. At the end of § 16 we have rendered it form (of speech). Cf. § 18.

^[27] No adhammena. The argument is that there was no tribal difference, no difference of blood, between them and all the rest. They were selected, set apart, for the performance of certain duties, and they were so selected, not arbitrarily, but according to their real fitness for the post. Each of them fulfilled the Ideal of a noble, which included, not only righteousness, but also other things. As will be seen, there was also an ideal, a standard, a Norm, for each of the other groups.

^[28] The etymologies in this paragraph are purely fanciful; and as a matter of fact the historical order in which the three words are said to qave arisen is exactly reversed. Rāja is the oldest of the three — belonging, as it does, to the oldest Aryan stock of words, and being found in Latin and Welsh. Khattiya is the next, and Mahā Sammata. is the youngest of all. But it would show a strange ignorance of history to complain of this. Such plays upon words are common to all ancient literatures. Scientific etymology is a growth of yesterday. The author or authors of this passage (and of all similar ones) were thinking, of course, not of etymology, but of what they regarded as matter of the highest import.

^[29] Ganthe karontā; tayo Vede abhisankharontā c’eva vācentā ca, says the Comy. — compiling the three Vedas and teaching others to repeat them.

^[30] Brāhmaṇa-maṇdalassāti Brāhmaṇa-gaṇassa, says Buddhaghosa.

^[31] Both the readings here and the logic of the word-play are doubtful. If the readings are right we have — instead of the usual half pun, half riddle — a mere jingle of rhymes, ludda, khudda, sudda, hunter, mean fellow, low grade. Our modern nobles would lift their eyebrows at so amazing a mixture of epithets, and it would be quite in the spirit of these Suttantas if that touch of irony were really the point of the rhyme. It would be quite as apposite then in India as here in Europe when Carlyle in his Sartor Resartus gave us his vivid sketch of the noble sportsman.

^[32] Cf. II, 51.

^[33] Lit. a double-doer, dvaya-kāarī. Buddhaghosa’s elaboration of this destiny in outline is of interest: There is no opportunity where both results may be incurred at the same moment. But one who has wrought much bad and slight good may be reborn as a Khattiya or Brahmin, because of that good, yet be one-eyed or a hunchback or a cripple, or he may be worthy of a kingdom, yet be unable to come into his own. In another case, when he is dying, his good and bad karma attend him like two strong wrestlers, and the stronger bad karma prevailing, he is reborn as an animal, but, the good karma persisting, he becomes a state-elephant, or state-horse, or state-buffalo.

^[34] These seven, in the ancient commentary, embedded in the text of the Vibhanga are explicitly limited to the seven Bojjhangas (p. 249; cf. Mrs. Rhys Davids’s Preface, xiv; also A. III, 70, 71; IV. 351). In the present Comy. Buddhaghosa defines them as the thirty-seven, divided, as Four Satipaṭṭhānas, etc., into seven. But see below, p. 96, § 3, where the thirty-seven would surely have been called bodhipakkhiyā dhammā, instead of just kusa1ā, had the thirty-seven been so entitled, when the Dialogues were compiled.

^[35] Kilesa-parinibbānena parinibbāti. Comy.

^[36] Recurs Vol. I, p. 122, and Samyutta I, 153; II, 284.